Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The diagram factor is the ratio of the

Area of the actual indicator diagram to the area of theoretical indicator diagram
Actual workdone per stroke to the theoretical workdone per stroke
Actual mean effective pressure to the theoretical mean effective pressure
Any one of the above

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In designing air preheaters, the important design consideration is that

Approach temperature should be as low as possible
Handling and maintenance should be easier
Heat transfer area should be optimum
Stack gases should not be cooled to the dew point

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