Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The equivalent evaporation is defined as

The ratio of heat actually used in producing the steam to the heat liberated in the furnace
The amount of water evaporated from and at 100°C into dry and saturated steam
The amount of water evaporated or steam produced in kg per kg of fuel burnt
The evaporation of 15.653 kg of water per hour from and at 100°C

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The principal function of a stop valve is to

Put off fire in the furnace of the boiler when the level of water in the boiler falls to an unsafe limit
Increase the temperature of saturated steam without raising its pressure
Control the flow of steam from the boiler to the main pipe and to shut off the steam completely when required
Empty the boiler when required and to discharge the mud, scale or sediments which are accumulated at the bottom of the boiler

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In designing air preheaters, the important design consideration is that

Handling and maintenance should be easier
Approach temperature should be as low as possible
Stack gases should not be cooled to the dew point
Heat transfer area should be optimum

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