Process Control and Instrumentation
Time constant is the

Time taken by the controlled variable to reach 63.2% of its full change
Same as dead time
Time required by the measured variable to reach 63.2% of its ultimate change
Same as transportation lag

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Temperature control of an exothermic chemical reaction taking place in a CSTR is done with the help of cooling water flowing in a jacket around the reactor. The types of valve and controller action to be recommended are

Air to close valve with the controller indirect acting
Air to close valve with the controller direct acting
Air to open valve with the controller direct acting
Air to open valve with the controller indirect acting

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