Manufacturing And Production Technology
Lapping is an operation of

Making a cone-shaped enlargement of the end of a hole
Smoothing and squaring the surface around a hole
Producing a hole by removing metal along the circumference of a hollow cutting tool
Sizing and finishing a small diameter hole

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
Cutting velocity remains constant
All of these
Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece

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