Heat Transfer
Indirect contact heat exchangers are preferred over direct contact heat exchangers, because

Cost of equipment is lower
There is no risk of contamination
There is no mist formation
Heat transfer co-efficient are high

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Heat Transfer
A long iron rod initially at a temperature of 20°C has one end dipped in boiling water (100°C) at time, t = 0. The curved surface of the rod is insulated so that heat conduction is one dimensional in the axial direction. The temperature at a distance 100 mm from the dipped end becomes 40°C at time, t = 200 s. The same temperature is achieved at a distance of 200 mm from the dipped end at time

t = 400 s
t = 283 s
t = 356 s
t = 800 s

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Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation
Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam
Concentrate heat sensitive materials
Achieve very high concentration of the final product

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