Heat Transfer
Fouling factor for a heat exchanger is given by (where, U₁ = heat transfer co-efficient of dirty surface U₂ = heat transfer co-efficient of clean surface)

1/U₁ - 1/U₂
U₂ - U₁
U₁ - U₂
1/U₂ - 1/U₁

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Heat Transfer
A 10 cm dia steam pipe, carrying steam at 180°C, is covered with an insulation (conductivity = 0.6 W/m.°C). It losses heat to the surroundings at 30°C. Assume a heat transfer co-efficient of 0.8 W/m².°C for heat transfer from surface to the surroundings. Neglect wall resistance of the pipe and film resistance of steam. If the insulation thickness is 2 cms, the rate of heat loss from this insulated pipe will be

Equal to that of the uninsulated steam pipe
Less than the steam pipe with 5 cms insulation
Greater than that for uninsulated steam pipe
Less than that of the uninsulated steam pipe

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