Heat Transfer
Fouling factor for a heat exchanger is given by (where, U₁ = heat transfer co-efficient of dirty surface U₂ = heat transfer co-efficient of clean surface)

U₁ - U₂
U₂ - U₁
1/U₁ - 1/U₂
1/U₂ - 1/U₁

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Heat Transfer
Nusselt number is the ratio of the

Heat flux at the wall to that across the entire pipe
Temperature gradient of the wall to that across the entire pipe
Temperature difference to the temperature gradient at the wall
None of these

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