allows gateways to send error a control messages to other gateways or hosts
reports error conditions to the original source, the source must relate errors to individual application programs and take action to correct the problem
None of these
provides communication between the Internet Protocol Software on one machine and the Internet Protocol Software on another
a technique used by protocols in which a lower level protocol accepts a message from a higher level protocol and places it in the data portion of the low level frame
a technique used in best-effort delivery system to avoid endlessly looping packets.
One of the pieces that results when an IP gateway divides an IP datagram into smaller pieces for transmission across a network that cannot handle the original datagram size.
EXAMIANS