Measurement and Instrumentation
In AC circuits, the connection of measuring instruments cause loading effect errors which may effect

 both of above.
 only the magnitude of the quantity being measured.
 magnitude, phase and waveform of the quantity being measured.
 only phase of the quantity being measured.

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In DC potentiometer measurments, a second reading is often taken after reversing the polarities of the DC supply and the unknown voltage and the average of the two reading is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of

 Errorneous standardisation.
  Stray thermal emfs.
 Stray magnetic fields.
 Ripples of the DC supply.

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