System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
All of these
None of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent

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System Analysis and Design
Reverse video is a technique of

None of these
showing data upside down on the screen
showing data with half brightness
emphasizing data by reversing the foreground and background
hiding confidential data on the screen

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