Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In order to measure the flow with a Venturimeter, it is installed in

Horizontal line
Inclined line with flow upwards
Inclined line with flow downwards
Any direction and in any location

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Runaway speed of a hydraulic turbine is

The speed corresponding to maximum overload permissible
The speed if the turbine runner is allowed to revolve freely without load and with the wicket gates wide open
Full load speed
The speed at which turbine runner will be damaged

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