Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

Gauss' Mid Latitude formula
Legendre's method
Least square method
D'Alembert's method

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Always follow some definite mathematical law
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
All listed here
Are also known as cumulative errors

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