Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

Legendre's method
D'Alembert's method
Gauss' Mid Latitude formula
Least square method

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Surveying
Sidereal day

Is slightly shorter than an ordinary solar day
Is divided into the conventional hours, minutes and seconds
Is the period of time taken by the earth in making a complete rotation with reference to stars
All listed here

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