Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

Gauss' Mid Latitude formula
Legendre's method
Least square method
D'Alembert's method

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Surveying
In triangulation surveys

All listed here
The area is divided into triangular figures
Control stations are located from which detailed surveys are carried out
Sides are not measured excepting the base line

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