Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

Gauss' Mid Latitude formula
Legendre's method
D'Alembert's method
Least square method

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Surveying
Systematic errors

All listed here
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
Are also known as cumulative errors
Always follow some definite mathematical law

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Surveying
Theodolite is an instrument used for

tightening the capstan-headed nuts of level tube
measurement of horizontal angles only
measurement of both horizontal and vertical angles
measurement of vertical angles only

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