Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

Least square method
Legendre's method
D'Alembert's method
Gauss' Mid Latitude formula

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Surveying
Refraction correction

completely eliminates curvature correction
partially eliminates curvature correction
has no effect on curvature correction
adds to the curvature correction

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels
quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
is less accurate than height of instrument method

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