Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

D'Alembert's method
Gauss' Mid Latitude formula
Legendre's method
Least square method

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Surveying
Spring tides are caused when

Sun and moon are in line with earth
None of these
Solar tidal force acts opposite to lunar tidal force
Solar tidal force and lunar tidal force both coincide

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