Surveying
In observations of equal precision, the most probable values of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of the squares of the residual errors a minimum, is the fundamental principle of

Legendre's method
Least square method
Gauss' Mid Latitude formula
D'Alembert's method

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
makes the correction due to pull equal to zero

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