Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Results in higher shell side pressure drop
Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty
Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation
None of these
It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation

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