Heat Transfer
In Biot number, the characteristic length used is the ratio of the __________ of the solid.

Surface area to volume
Volume to surface area
Surface area to perimeter
Perimeter to surface area

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Heat Transfer
Which of the following situations can be approximated to a steady state heat transfer system?

A red hot steel slab (having outside surface temperature as 1300°C) exposed to the atmosheric air at 35°C
10 kg of dry saturated steam at 8 kgf/cm² flowing through a short length of stainless steel pipe exposed to atmospheric air at 35°C
A sub-cooled refrigerant liquid at 8°C flowing at the rate of 6 Kg/minute through a copper pipe exposed to atmospheric air at 35°C
Boiling brine kept in open vessel when the bottom surface temperature of the vessel is maintained constant at 180°C

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Heat Transfer
Finned tube heat exchangers

use metal fins of low thermal conductivity
give larger area per tube
are used for smaller heat load
facilitate very large temperature drop through tube wall

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