Manufacturing And Production Technology
In a shaper

Work is stationary and tool reciprocates
Tool is stationary and work reciprocates
Tool moves over stationary work
Tool moves over reciprocating work

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece
Cutting velocity remains constant
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
All of these

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