DC Generators
In a four-pole D.C. machine

All the four poles are north poles
Two north poles follow two south poles
All the four poles are south poles
Alternate poles are north and south

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DC Generators
In a D.C. generator

Internal characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop
External resistance = internal characteristic armature reaction
External characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop armature reaction
Magnetization characteristic = external characteristic

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DC Generators
When two D.C. series generators are running in parallel, an equalizer bar is used

To increase the series flux
To increase the speed and hence generated e.m.f.
To reduce the combined effect of armature reaction of both machines
So that two similar machines will pass approximately equal currents to the load

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