Electrical Machines
In a DC machine

 emf in armature conductors and at the terminals is alternating.
 current and emf at the terminals are alternating.
 current and emf in armature are unidirectional
 current and emf in armature are alternating.

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Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 shift forward by less than 90°
 shift forward by more than 90°
 shift forward by 90°
 coincide with the GNA

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Electrical Machines
Cogging and crawling are phenomena associated with

 cage induction machines and they are essentially the same.
 the former at a fraction of its rate speed and the latter during starting.
 the former during starting and the latter at a fraction of its rated speed.
 any of the above.

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