Electrical Machines
In a DC machine

 current and emf in armature are alternating.
 current and emf in armature are unidirectional
 current and emf at the terminals are alternating.
 emf in armature conductors and at the terminals is alternating.

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Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when driven without any excitation, showed an open circuit voltage of 12 V. When the field winding was excited, the voltage dropped to zero. It happened because

 field resistance was higher than critical resistance
 there was no residual magnetism in the field circuit
 there was a break in the armature circuit
 field winding was wrongly connected

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