Surveying
If v, t and f/H are the ground speed of the aircraft, the shutter speed of the camera and the scale of the photograph respectively, then the amount of image displacement

i = t. H/v. f
i = v. t. H/f
i = v. t. (f/H)
i = v. f/t. H

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
Always follow some definite mathematical law
All listed here
Are also known as cumulative errors

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