Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

None of these
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest is

greater than active earth pressure but less than passive earth pressure
greater than both the active earth pressure and passive earth pressure
less than active earth pressure but greater than passive earth pressure
less than both the active and passive earth pressures

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