Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
None of these
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The effect of cohesion on a soil is to

increase the active earth pressure in-tensity but to reduce the passive earth pressure intensity [GATE 99]
reduce both the active earth pressure intensity and passive earth pressure intensity
reduce the active earth pressure in-tensity but to increase the passive earth pressure intensity
increase both the active earth pressure intensity and passive earth pressure intensity

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