Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of a reaction turbine, is the ratio of

Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine
Actual work available at the turbine to energy imparted to the wheel
Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
None of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(IG/x̅) - Ax̅
(IG/Ax̅) - x̅
(Ax̅/IG) + x̅
(IG/Ax̅) + x̅

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
When an ideal fluid flows past a sphere

lowest pressure intensity occurs at rear stagnation point
total drag is zero
lowest pressure intensity occurs at front stagnation point
highest intensity of pressure occurs around the circumference at right angles to flow

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