Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Surface tension

Decreases with fall in temperature
Is also known as capillarity
Acts in the plane of the interface normal to any line in the surface
Is a function of the curvature of the interface

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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