Electrical Machines
If iron loss and full load copper loss of any transformer are denoted by Pi and Pc, then the load corresponding to maximum efficiency is given by

 (Pi / Pc) × full Load.
 (Pi / Pc)2 × full Load.
  (Pi / Pc)0.5 × Full Load.
 (Pi / Pc)1.6 × full Load.

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Electrical Machines
Flashing the field of DC generator means

  creating residual magnetism by a DC source.
  neutralising residual magnetism.
  making the magnetic losses forces parallel.
 increasing flux density by adding extra turns of winding.

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