Building Construction
If (φ) is the angle of repose of soil of weight w kg/m3, the horizontal pressure p at a depth of h meters per metre length of wall, is

wh × √[(1 + sin φ)/(1 - sin φ)]
(wh/2) × [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
wh × √[(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
wh × [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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Building Construction
In a colar beam roof

There is a horizontal tie at almost the middle of rafters only
There are two horizontal ties, one at the feet and other at the middle of the rafters
There is no horizontal tie beam
There is a horizontal tie at the feet of rafters only

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