Electrical Machines
No load primary current in a transformer

 lags behind applied voltage by exactly 90Â&am
 lags behind applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã
 leads the applied voltage by exactly 90Â&
 leads the applied voltage somewhat less than 90Ã&

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Electrical Machines
Armature reaction in a DC machine

 is in direct opposition to the main poles.
 is in the same direction as the main poles.
  makes an angle of 90° with the main pole axis.
 makes an angle with the main pole axis which is load dependent.

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