Furnace Technology
Heat transfer rate to the charge/stock in a furnace does not depend upon the

Flue gas temperature
Emissivity of refractory walls
Type of fuels viz solid, liquid or gaseous
Initial temperature of the charged stock

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Furnace Technology
Which is not accomplished in an underfired furnace?

Increase in heating capacity/m² of floor space
Portection of the periphery of the charge from excessive radiation
Reduction in the temperature of furnace gases
Elimination of cold spot at the bottom of the charge

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Furnace Technology
In a furnace, the heat taken by the charge/stock and the heat lost to the furnace structure & flue gases depends on the

Rate of firing and emissivity of flame
Thermal conductivity of the charge & structural materials of furnace
All of these
Nature of process ; whether batch, continuous or intermittant

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