Electromagnetic Field Theory
Gradient of scalar field is expressed as

 Circulation of a vector field per unit area as the area tends to zero.
 Outward flux of a vector field per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.
 Gradient of divergence of a vector field minus the curl of the vector field.
 Maximum rate of increase of scalar function at a point.

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
A wire carrying current is bent in the form of a circular loop. Then the magnetic field around each portion of the wire will be

 none of above.
 parallel to half portion and perpendicular for the other half.
 perpendicular to the circumference of the wire.
 parallel to the plane of the wire.

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