Electromagnetic Field Theory
Gradient of scalar field is expressed as

 Outward flux of a vector field per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.
 Circulation of a vector field per unit area as the area tends to zero.
 Gradient of divergence of a vector field minus the curl of the vector field.
 Maximum rate of increase of scalar function at a point.

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
In microwave communication links, when fading due to rain attenuation occurs then technique adopted for solving the problem would include

Amplitude timing and phase correction
Path diversity and frequency diversity
Antenna replacement and feed correction
Polarization shifting and code diversity

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