Heat and Mass Transfer
Fouling factor is used

In case of Newtonian fluids
In heat exchanger design as a safety factor
None of these
When a liquid exchanges heat with a gas

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The time constant of a thermocouple is

The time taken to attain 50% of the value of initial temperature difference
Determined by the time taken to reach 100°C from 0°C
The time taken to attain the final temperature to be measured
The time taken to attain 63.2% of the value of initial temperature difference

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