Heat and Mass Transfer
Depending on the radiating properties, body will be transparent when(Where a = absorptivity, p = reflectivity, x = transmissivity)

P = 0, x= 1, and a = 0
P=1, x = 0, and a = 0
X = 0, a + p = 1
P = 0, x = 0 and a = 1

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The time constant of a thermocouple is

The time taken to attain 50% of the value of initial temperature difference
The time taken to attain 63.2% of the value of initial temperature difference
The time taken to attain the final temperature to be measured
Determined by the time taken to reach 100°C from 0°C

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Film coefficient is defined as Inside diameter of tube

Thermal conductivity Equivalent thickness of film Specific heat × Viscosity
Equivalent thickness of film
Film coefficient × Inside diameter Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity Molecular diffusivity of momentum Thermal diffusivity

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