Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
For laminar flow in a pipe of circular cross-section, the Darcy’s friction factor f is

inversely proportional to Reynolds number and directly proportional to pipe wall roughness
inversely proportional to Reynolds number and indpendent of pipe wall roughness
directly proportional to pipe wall roughness and independent of Reynolds number
directly proportional to Reynolds number and independent of pipe wall roughness

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
The horizontal component of force on a curved surface is equal to the

weight of liquid vertically above the curved surface
force on a vertical projection of the curved surface
force on the horizontal projection of the curved surface
product of pressure intensity at its centroid and area

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