Heat Transfer
For flow over a flat plate, the ratio of thermal boundary layer thickness, 'xt' and hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness 'x' is equal to (where, NPr = Prandtl number)

NPr1/3
NPr
NPr-1/3
NPr-1

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Heat Transfer
A long iron rod initially at a temperature of 20°C has one end dipped in boiling water (100°C) at time, t = 0. The curved surface of the rod is insulated so that heat conduction is one dimensional in the axial direction. The temperature at a distance 100 mm from the dipped end becomes 40°C at time, t = 200 s. The same temperature is achieved at a distance of 200 mm from the dipped end at time

t = 800 s
t = 400 s
t = 283 s
t = 356 s

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Heat Transfer
The advantage of backward feed multiple effect evaporators over forward feed units is that

Most concentrated liquid is at highest temperature
There is no additional cost of pumping
Equal heat transfer co-efficients exist in various effects
Heat sensitive material can be handled

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