Surveying
For any star to be a circumpolar star, its

Hour angle must be 180°
Distance from the pole must be less than the latitude of the observer
Declination must be 0°
Declination must be 90°

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Surveying
Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated by taking both face observations ?

error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis
None of these
index error i.e. error due to imperfect adjustment of the vertical circle vernier
error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line of collimation

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