Surveying
For any star to be a circumpolar star, its

Hour angle must be 180°
Declination must be 0°
Declination must be 90°
Distance from the pole must be less than the latitude of the observer

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Surveying
Refraction correction

completely eliminates curvature correction
has no effect on curvature correction
adds to the curvature correction
partially eliminates curvature correction

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