Surveying
For any star to be a circumpolar star, its

Declination must be 0°
Hour angle must be 180°
Declination must be 90°
Distance from the pole must be less than the latitude of the observer

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Surveying
The meridian of a place is

A great circle passing through the place and the poles
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles
A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place
An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

None of these
determine the effect of local attraction
an open traverse for graphical adjustment
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error

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