Surveying
For any star to be a circumpolar star, its

Declination must be 0°
Distance from the pole must be less than the latitude of the observer
Hour angle must be 180°
Declination must be 90°

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Surveying
Accidental errors

All of these
Do not follow any definite mathematical law
Are generally small
Cannot be removed by applying corrections to the observed values

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Surveying
The necessary geometrical condition for triangulation adjustment is:

The sum of the angles around a station should be 360°
The sum of the eight angles of a braced quadrilateral should be 360°
The sum of the three angles of a plane triangle should be 180°
All listed here

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