Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
Expansion ratio is the ratio of

Swept volume to the clearance volume
Swept volume to the volume at cut-off
Clearance volume to the swept volume
Volume at cut-off to the swept volume

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
For a Parson's reaction turbine, if α₁ and α₂ are fixed blade angles at inlet and exit respectively and β₁ and β₂ are the moving blade angles at entrance and exit respectively, then

α₁ = α₂ and β₁ = β₂
α₁ < β₁ and α₂ > β₂
α₁ = β₂ and β₁ = α₂
α₁ = β₁ and α₂= β₂

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The principal function of a stop valve is to

Control the flow of steam from the boiler to the main pipe and to shut off the steam completely when required
Put off fire in the furnace of the boiler when the level of water in the boiler falls to an unsafe limit
Increase the temperature of saturated steam without raising its pressure
Empty the boiler when required and to discharge the mud, scale or sediments which are accumulated at the bottom of the boiler

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