Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
Expansion ratio is the ratio of

Swept volume to the clearance volume
Volume at cut-off to the swept volume
Swept volume to the volume at cut-off
Clearance volume to the swept volume

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The function of a piston rod is

To convert heat energy of the steam into mechanical work
To exhaust steam from the cylinder at proper moment
To transfer motion from the piston to the cross head
To guide motion of the piston rod and to prevent it from bending

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