Heat and Mass Transfer
Depending on the radiating properties, a body will be opaque when

P=1, x = 0 and a = 0
P = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
P = 0, x = 1 and a = 0
X = 0, a + p = 1

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Fourier's law of heat conduction is (where Q = Amount of heat flow through the body in unit time, A = Surface area of heat flow, taken at right angles to the direction of heat flow, dT = Temperature difference on the two faces of the body, dx = Thickness of the body, through which the heat flows, taken along the direction of heat flow, and k = Thermal conductivity of the body)

k.
k.
(dx/dT)
k. (dx/dT)
k. (dT/dx)
(dT/dx)

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Film coefficient is defined as Inside diameter of tube

Thermal conductivity Equivalent thickness of film Specific heat × Viscosity
Thermal conductivity Molecular diffusivity of momentum Thermal diffusivity
Equivalent thickness of film
Film coefficient × Inside diameter Thermal conductivity

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