Computer Networking
Data link layer retransmits the damaged frames in most networks. If the probability of a frame's being damaged is p, what is the mean number of transmissions required to send a frame if acknowledgements are never lost.

P I (K + 1)
None of these
KIK (1 + F)
K I (K - P)
1/ (1 - F)

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Computer Networking
The packets switching concept was first proposed

in the early 1960s for military communication systems, mainly to handle speech
None of these
in the late 1980s for the Defense Ministry of US.
All of these
in the late 1950s for Defense Ministry of US

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