System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a group of related fields
a map of the programmer's view of the data
a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level

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System Analysis and Design
Data manipulation language (DML)

all of the listed here
determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
describes how data are structured in the data base
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data

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