Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
None of these

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The rise of water table below the foundation influences the bearing capacity of soil mainly by reducing

cohesion and effective angle of shearing resistance
cohesion and effective unit weight of soil
effective angle of shearing resistance
effective unit weight of soil and effective angle of shearing resistance

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