Plant Structure
Cellular metabolism is an example of

equilibrium metabolism
a series of reactions that defy the second law of thermodynamics
a series of reactions occurring under standard conditions
steady-state metabolism

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo
None of these
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials

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Plant Structure
The mitochondria were known in the nineteenth century to be osmotically active on the basis of evidence that

the mitochondrial matrix is hypotonic to the cellular cytoplasm
the mitochondrial matrix is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm
mitochondria are surrounded by a semi permeable membrane
mitochondria were derived from a symbiotic bacterium

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Plant Structure
Which of the following observations is not used as evidence to support the concept of endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Both strongly resemble prokaryotes, especially in size
Both can live and function independently of the cell
Both have their own ribosomes
Both have their own DNA

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