Plant Structure
Cellular metabolism is an example of

a series of reactions that defy the second law of thermodynamics
equilibrium metabolism
steady-state metabolism
a series of reactions occurring under standard conditions

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Plant Structure
Any system that is not at equilibrium

is thermodynamically unstable, although it may be kinetically stable
is rushing toward equilibrium at a very rapid rate
requires an enzyme to reach equilibrium
is kinetically unstable, although it may be thermodynamically stable

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Plant Structure
The mitochondria were known in the nineteenth century to be osmotically active on the basis of evidence that

the mitochondrial matrix is hypertonic to the cellular cytoplasm
mitochondria are surrounded by a semi permeable membrane
mitochondria were derived from a symbiotic bacterium
the mitochondrial matrix is hypotonic to the cellular cytoplasm

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo
None of these

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