Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
Carbonization of coal is the process of

Heating wood in a limited supply of air at temperatures below 300°C
Pulverizing coal in inert atmosphere
Binding the pulverized coal into briquettes
Strongly heating coal continuously for about 48 hours in the absence of air in a closed vessel

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In recuperative air preheaters, the heat is transferred

From heating an intermediate material and then heating the air from this material
From a metal wall from one medium to another
By direct mixing
Heat is transferred by bleeding some gases from furnace

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The proximate analysis of fuel lists

Various chemical constituents, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc, plus ash as percents by weight
Various chemical constituents, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen etc, plus ash as percents by volume
Fuel constituents as percents by volume of moisture, volatile, fixed carbon and ash
Fuel constituents as percents by weight of moisture, volatile, fixed carbon and ash

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