Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
Boiler stays are used to

Take care of failure in compression
Provide support for boiler
Take care of failure in shear
Prevent flat surfaces under pressure from tearing apart

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The indicated thermal efficiency is defined as the

Product of thermal efficiency and Rankine efficiency
Ratio of thermal efficiency to the Rankine efficiency
Ratio of brake power to the indicated power
Ratio of heat equivalent to indicated power to the energy supplied in steam

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In forced circulation type boiler

Feed pump is employed to supplement natural circulation in water wall type furnace
Water is supplied in drum and through down comers located in atmospheric condition it passes to the water wall and rises to drum in the form of mixture of water and steam
Heating takes place at bottom and the water supplied at bottom gets converted into the mixture of steam bubbles and hot water which rise to drum
Water is converted into steam in one pass without any recirculation

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