Carbohydrate
Boat and chair conformations are found

in any sugar without axial -OH groups
in pyranose sugars
only in D-glucopyranose
in any sugar without equatorial -OH groups

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Carbohydrate
When living organisms are cooled below some critical body temperature, the metabolic reactions within their cells cease to function properly. This malfunction occurs because

there is insufficient molecular motion for substrates to interact
the activation energy for the reaction is raised
their enzymes lose the proper three-dimensional shape
enzyme active sites become permanently bound to substrates

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