Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Stanton diagram is a

log-log plot of relative roughness against Reynolds number
semi-log plot of friction factor against relative roughness
log-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number
semi-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race
To run the turbine full
To prevent air to enter the turbine
To transport water to downstream

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