Design of Steel Structure
Bending compressive and tensile stresses respectively are calculated based on

net area and gross area
gross area in both cases
net area in both cases
gross area and net area

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Design of Steel Structure
The elastic strain for steel is about

1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and 1/200 of maximum strain
1/2 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/12 of maximum strain
1/12 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/120 of maximum strain
1/24 of strain at the initiation of strain hardening and about 1/200 of maximum strain

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