Design of Steel Structure
Bending compressive and tensile stresses respectively are calculated based on

gross area in both cases
net area and gross area
gross area and net area
net area in both cases

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Design of Steel Structure
The mechanism method and the statical method give

lower bound on the strength of structure
lower and upper bounds respectively on the strength of structure
upper bound on the strength of structure
upper and lower bounds respectively on the strength of structure

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