Machine Design
The fatigue stress concentration factor is defined as

The product of the endurance limits with and without stress concentration
The ratio of endurance limit without stress concentration to the endurance limit with stress concentration
All of these
The ratio of endurance limit with stress concentration to the endurance limit without stress concentration

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Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side
It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process

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