Heat Transfer
Among liquids, water has a comparatively high value of thermal conductivity, due to its

Dense structure
High viscosity
Low density
Partial ionisation

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Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation
Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam
Achieve very high concentration of the final product
Concentrate heat sensitive materials

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Heat Transfer
Air is to be heated by condensing steam. Two heat exchangers are available (i) a shell and tube heat exchanger and (ii) a finned tube heat exchanger. Tube side heat transfer area are equal in both the cases. The recommended arrangement is

Finned tube heat exchanger with air inside and steam outside
Finned tube heat exchanger with air outside and steam inside
Shell and tube heat exchanger with air inside tubes and steam on shell side
Shell and tube heat exchanger with air on shell side and steam inside tubes

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