Environmental Engineering
Alkalinity in water is expressed as milligrams per litre in terms of equivalent

Calcium carbonate
Calcium hydroxide
Magnesium carbonate
Sodium carbonate

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Environmental Engineering
In lime-soda process

Only carbonate hardness is removed
Lime reduces the carbonate hardness and soda-ash removes the non-carbonate hardness
Lime reduces the non-carbonate hardness and soda-ash removes the carbonate hardness
Only noncarbonated hardness is removed

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