Environmental Engineering
Air binding phenomena in rapid sand filters occur due to

Low temperature
Higher turbidity in the effluent
Mud ball formation
Excessive negative head

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Environmental Engineering
The major disadvantage of lime soda process of water softening is that

It is unsuitable for turbid and acidic water
It is unsuitable for softening the water of excessive hardness
The effluent cannot be reduced to zero hardness
Huge amount of precipitate is formed which creates a disposal problem

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