Environmental Engineering
Air binding phenomena in rapid sand filters occur due to

Low temperature
Higher turbidity in the effluent
Excessive negative head
Mud ball formation

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Environmental Engineering
The major disadvantage of lime soda process of water softening is that

The effluent cannot be reduced to zero hardness
It is unsuitable for turbid and acidic water
Huge amount of precipitate is formed which creates a disposal problem
It is unsuitable for softening the water of excessive hardness

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