Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of boiler shell (t) is greater than 8 mm, then the diameter of rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets

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Machine Design
The contact ratio is the ratio of

Length of arc of recess to the circular pitch
Length of arc of approach to the circular pitch
Length of path of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of contact to the circular pitch

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