Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of boiler shell (t) is greater than 8 mm, then the diameter of rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these

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Machine Design
A bolt of M 24 × 2 means that

The nominal diameter of bolt is 24 mm and pitch is 2 mm
The pitch of the thread is 24 mm and depth is 2 mm
The effective diameter of bolt is 24 mm and there are 2 threads per cm
Cross-sectional area of the threads is 24 mm²

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