Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of boiler shell (t) is greater than 8 mm, then the diameter of rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
None of these

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Machine Design
A bolt of M 24 × 2 means that

Cross-sectional area of the threads is 24 mm²
The effective diameter of bolt is 24 mm and there are 2 threads per cm
The nominal diameter of bolt is 24 mm and pitch is 2 mm
The pitch of the thread is 24 mm and depth is 2 mm

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