Workshop Technology
A pattern maker's shrinkage rule considers

All materials of the pattern
All materials to be cast
Only shrinkage allowance
All pattern allowances

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Workshop Technology
The diaphragm moulding machine is used to

Give uniform sand hardness throughout the mould
Produce uniform packing of sand in the mould
Ram the sand harder at the back of the mould and softer on the pattern face
Ram the sand harder at the pattern face with decreasing hardness towards the back of the mould

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Workshop Technology
Swab is used for

Moistening the sand around the edge before removing pattern
Reinforcement of sand in the top part of the moulding box
Smoothing and cleaning out depressions in the mould
Cleaning the moulding sand

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