Power Systems
A hydro power plant of run off river type should be provided with pondage so that the

 operating head is controlled.
 pressure inside the turbine casing remains.
 kinetic energy of the running water is fully utilized.
  firm capacity of plant is increased.

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Power Systems
Gross head of an hydroelectric power station is

 all of above.
  the difference of water level between the level in storage and tail race.
 the height of water level in the river where the storage is provided.
 the height of water level in the river where the tail race is provided.

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