Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Cavitation will begin when

flow is increased
pressure is increased
pressure becomes more than critical pressure
the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
If the elevation of hydraulic grade line at the junction of three pipes is above the elevation of reservoirs B and C and below reservoir A, then the direction of flow will be

from reservoir B to reservoirs C and A
unpredictable
from reservoir A to reservoirs B and C
from reservoir C to reservoirs A and B

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