Machine Design
A double strap butt joint (with equal straps) is

Any one of these
Always in single shear
Always in double shear
Either in single shear or double shear

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Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of the boiler shell (t) is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets

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