Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when driven without any excitation, showed an open circuit voltage of 12 V. When the field winding was excited, the voltage dropped to zero. It happened because

 there was a break in the armature circuit
 field winding was wrongly connected
 field resistance was higher than critical resistance
 there was no residual magnetism in the field circuit

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Electrical Machines
Compensating windings are used in DC generators

  mainly to reduce the eddy currents by providing local short circuit.
None of these
  to provide path for the circulation of cooling air.
  to neutralize the cross magnetizing effect of the armature reaction.

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