Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when driven without any excitation, showed an open circuit voltage of 12 V. When the field winding was excited, the voltage dropped to zero. It happened because

 there was a break in the armature circuit
 there was no residual magnetism in the field circuit
 field winding was wrongly connected
 field resistance was higher than critical resistance

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Electrical Machines
Cogging and crawling are phenomena associated with

 any of the above.
 cage induction machines and they are essentially the same.
 the former at a fraction of its rate speed and the latter during starting.
 the former during starting and the latter at a fraction of its rated speed.

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